The skin prick test and immunotherapy play crucial roles in diagnosing and treating allergic conditions, especially those caused by environmental allergens such as pollen, dust mites, pet dander, and certain foods. Let’s take a closer look at each:
Skin Prick Test: The skin prick test (also known as puncture or scratch test) is a diagnostic tool used by allergists to identify specific allergens that trigger allergic reactions in an individual. During the test, small amounts of various allergens are pricked or scratched into the surface of the skin, usually on the forearm or back. The skin is then observed for any allergic reactions.
The test measures the presence of IgE antibodies, which are specific to each allergen. If an individual is allergic to a particular substance, the test site will typically show a localized allergic response, such as redness, swelling, and itching. The size of the reaction is measured and compared to a negative control (no allergen) and a positive control (histamine or other substance that always causes a reaction). This helps determine the severity of the allergy.
Skin prick testing is quick, safe, and provides immediate results. It is an essential tool in identifying the specific triggers for an individual’s allergies, enabling targeted treatment and avoidance strategies.
Immunotherapy: Immunotherapy, also known as desensitization or allergy shots, is a long-term treatment approach for allergic conditions. It involves exposing the individual to small, controlled doses of the specific allergens that trigger their allergies. The goal of immunotherapy is to gradually desensitize the immune system to the allergens, reducing or eliminating the allergic response over time.
The treatment typically starts with a buildup phase, during which the allergen doses are gradually increased over several months until a maintenance dose is reached. Once the maintenance dose is achieved, the patient continues to receive regular injections for a period ranging from three to five years.
The mechanism of immunotherapy is to shift the immune response from an allergic one (IgE-mediated) to a more tolerogenic response (increased production of regulatory T-cells). This process helps to decrease the severity of allergic reactions upon subsequent exposure to the allergens.
Immunotherapy is highly effective for individuals with severe allergies or those whose symptoms are not well-controlled with medications. It can lead to long-lasting relief from allergy symptoms, and in some cases, complete resolution of allergies even after the treatment is discontinued.
Dr. Umesh Jatav
(M.B.B.S., M.D.) Respiratory Medicine)
Breathing, T.B., Allergy & Asthma Specialist
Former Physician, Narayan Hridayalaya Multispeciality Hospital,
Jaipur Life Member of Indian Critical Care Society
Senior consultant district hospital sawai madhopur
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